The Treaty of Westphalia, signed in 1648, stands as a pivotal moment in European history. It not only ended two devastating wars—the Thirty Years’ War within the Holy Roman Empire and the Eighty Years’ War between Spain and the Dutch Republic—but also laid the groundwork for the modern concept of state sovereignty. At a time …
Charles de Gaulle’s legacy looms large in the annals of French history. As the leader of Free France during World War II and later the first President of the French Fifth Republic, de Gaulle was a towering figure who shaped the nation’s destiny in its darkest and most transformative moments. Born in 1890, de Gaulle …
